Organization of a car maintenance area. Organization of maintenance and repair of tractors with the development of a dismantling and washing area. v work on defective machines, as well as on machines with defective or poorly fixed

One of the methods of organizing production Maintenance and repair is currently the most progressive, especially for small businesses, is the aggregate-sectional method.

The essence of the aggregate-sectional method of organizing production is that all maintenance work on rolling stock aggregate section are distributed among the production sites who are fully responsible for the quality and results of their work.

The main organizational principles of this method:

• - each of the production sites performs all maintenance work on one or more units for all vehicles of the aggregate site;
• - the work assigned to the main production sites is carried out at the maintenance posts;
• - the exchange of information between the management department and maintenance teams number one and number two and the rear axle repair site is carried out through two-way dispatch communication, automation and telemechanics.

The unit-divisional method of organizing maintenance production provides for a careful accounting of all elements of the production process, as well as the consumption of spare parts and materials.

Choice of organization method technological process in the aggregate area.

Scheme of the technological process at the aggregate site and the design object, the teams that perform the maintenance of the units are completed from the workers of the necessary specialties. With such an organization of work, the technological homogeneity of each section is ensured, the maneuvering of people, tools, equipment inside it is facilitated, management and accounting of the number of certain types of work performed are simplified.

The scheme of the technological process at the aggregate section is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Scheme of the technological process at the aggregate section

The second method is considered alternative - the implementation of work directly in the site itself. The complex of works of the aggregate section includes a number of measures to determine the technical condition of the shafts, necks, ends, planes and a conclusion on wear or deviation from the shape. These works are carried out, among other things, with the help of a dial indicator.

For example, when diagnosing the gap in the steering mechanism, the worm - globoidal roller indicator controls the bipod travel when the steering rod is disconnected.

The device for fastening the dial indicator must meet a number of requirements: three degrees of freedom of the indicator and the maximum rigidity of the AIDS system (machine-tool-tool-part).

Transmission units (with the exception of internal combustion engines), from the point of view of the theory of machines and mechanisms, are related to torque-converting - power (gearbox, cardan shaft, main gear) or kinematic (steering).

The main output parameters of such units include the coefficient useful action(efficiency). It can be characterized by the following diagnostic parameters and signs:

force or moment of resistance when scrolling the input shaft with a free output shaft;

free run in two directions on a flat asphalt concrete road from a set speed without braking;

the number of revolutions of the roller stand to a complete stop from the set speed without braking;

friction losses in the unit, which are transformed into thermal losses, estimated according to the temperature regime.

Structural parameters characterizing the technical condition are gaps, surface wear, surface hardness, condition of fasteners, etc. They are characterized by the following diagnostic parameters and features:

total angular play in the unit (the great advantage of this simple parameter is its in-place determination in comparison with the control of linear clearances, which requires access to gears, splines, etc.);

vibro-acoustic signs, determined qualitatively (strength and nature of knocks and noises);

vibro-acoustic parameters measured instrumentally (frequency, amplitude of knocks and noises);

wear products of parts according to the "metal in oil" method;

for units with electronic control (automatic boxes gears, anti-skid systems) in addition, there are self-diagnosis codes that mainly characterize the state of the sensor circuits.

For steering, the main diagnostic parameters are:

total angular backlash measured by one of the methods:

by the magnitude of the steering wheel turn with the applied force (usually depends on the class of DTS and is 7.4-12.8 N);

by the magnitude of the steering wheel turn before the start of the turn of the wheels installed on the turntable;

backlash (their absence) in the ball bearings of the steering trapezium;

gaps (their absence) in fastening the crankcase of the steering gear to the frame or to the body;

backlash in the steering mechanism:

in a working pair;

in bearings.

In the presence of hydraulic reinforcement additionally:

drive belt deflection;

oil level;

pressure developed by the pump;

pressure developed in the right and left cavities in the extreme positions of the steering wheel;

resistance force, etc.

Overview of diagnostic equipment

Luftomer - control device total backlash steering control of cars. Measures the angle of rotation of the steering wheel until the steerable wheels start moving in accordance with GOST 25478-91. Mechanical, degree scale.

The measurement method consists in determining the angle of rotation of the steering wheel at a given force (0.75; 1.0; 1.25) kgf, depending on the mass of the vehicle. Electronic, digital readings.

• -Measurement of the total steering play in the range of 0-120 degrees. at standardized forces 7.35 N; 9.8 N; 12.3 N
• - Calculation of the average value of the backlash from the results of individual measurements
• -Memory of results and saving the last after power off
• -Save results and calculate average
• -Storage of the final result after power off
• - Automatic transfer of results to a computer via RS-232
• -Basic error 2.5%
• - Autonomous power supply from own battery
• - Overall dimensions 414x145x127 mm
• -Weight 3 kg

Aggregates and units coming from the zone technical repair to the aggregate area.

The unit area is intended for:

washing operations of aggregates and assemblies,

showdown,

defective parts with subsequent shipment for recycling,

assembly of units and their assembly,

adjustments,

The plot can be combined with a motor one.

The technical process is organized as follows. On an electric forklift, hoist or hand trolley, the assembled units arrive at the site, where they are sent for washing. After installation on the stand for assembly and disassembly, they are disassembled, the nodes are disassembled on workbenches. Make measurements, defect parts.

Parts that cannot be repaired are disposed of, repairable ones are sent to a mechanical fitter, welding and other areas suitable for assembly. Refurbished parts, suitable, received from the warehouse complete and assemble units according to the specifications for assembly.

For the assembly and disassembly of units, mechanization tools are used, such as hand tools (nutrunners, drills), pneumatic and hydraulic presses, pullers and mandrels. This equipment increases productivity and eliminates damage to parts during disassembly-assembly.

To comply with the specifications, a measuring and control tool is available. These are torque wrenches for tightening torque control, calipers, micrometers, indicators and probes for linear dimensions control, a center for checking runout and imbalance.

The aggregate section is characterized by a number of harmful and dangerous factors, such as mechanical injuries when using a tool, falling heavy parts, electrical injuries. An important condition is sufficient illumination of the site as a whole and individual places.

For design, the second method is preferable.

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ORGANIZATIONAL CHAPTER

Organization of productionTO and TR provides for the solution of two O prosov:

v how to organize the work of existing repair workers O chimi;

v how to manage this production.

Considering questions organizational section, you need to p e sew the next a dachas:

v choose a method for organizing the production of maintenance and repair in ATP ;

v choose a method of organizing the technological process at the project site and rovaniya;

v determine the scheme of the technological process at the design facility a nia;

v choose the mode of operation of production units and agree O vat their work with the work of cars on the line;

v distribute performers by specialties and qualifications;

v select technological equipment and tooling, calculate the production d area of ​​the design object and place on it the selected O ore and tooling;

v draw up a layout of the design object;

v analyze the level of mechanization at the design facility for the project and before the implementation of the recommendations defined in term paper project .

CHOICE OF A METHOD OF ORGANIZING THE PRODUCTION OF MOT AND TR AT ATP

The most widespread at present are three methods of organizing the production of maintenance and repair of rolling stock VA: specialized br method and reptile, the method of complex teams and the aggregate-district method. Let's briefly analyze these methods.

The method of specialized teams provides for the formation O production divisions on sign their technological specialist and tions by types of technical impacts.

Specialization of teams by types of impacts (EO, TO-1, TO-2, diagnosed a nie, TR, repair units) promotes increasing the productivity of workers through the use of progress v technological e processes and mechanization, improving the skills and specialization of performers to perform the limited range of technological operations assigned to them e radios.

With this method of organizing work, technological sky one O kinship of each site , (zones ) prerequisites are created for effective operational management of production, due to the maneuver of people, spare parts, technological equipment and tools n In addition, it simplifies accounting and control over the implementation of certain types of technical h actions.

However, the downside of this method is the lack of With tatoch - ny personal responsibility of performers for the performed r a bots. The efficiency of this method increases with the centralized management of production and the use of special control systems. v quality maintenance and repair e mont.

Method integrated brigades provides shapers a production division on the basis of their subject cn e cialisa - tions, i.e. assignment to a brigade of a certain group of vehicles O mobile devices (for example, O bills of one column, cars of the same model, trailers and semi-trailers) on which the brigade conducts a bots TO-1, TO-2 and TR. EO, diagnostics and repair of units are performed centrally. a comrade

Complex brigades are staffed with performers of various h specialties (car mechanics, adjusters, electricians, lubricators) necessary to fulfill the tasks assigned to the brigade a bot.

Each brigade, as a rule, has jobs assigned to it, posts for maintenance and repair, its own technological equipment and tools. at cops, a stock of working units and spare parts, which leads to the dispersion of material resources ATP , complicates the hands O production management THEN and car repair O mobiles. With this method, the impersonal responsibility for quality is preserved. e work on maintenance and repair.

Moreover, friction may arise between the teams due to the order in which the SW work is carried out, the diagnosis, the use of common e equipment (beam crane, hoist, specialized tools T roument). Situations may arise when the workers of one team are overloaded e us, and the other underloaded, but the brigades are not interested in mutual O help. Important positive quality this method is brig d responsibility for the quality of maintenance and repair work carried out e montu.

Essence aggregate-sectional method lies in the fact that all work on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock ATP distribute T between the production sites responsible for the l all maintenance work and repair of one or more units (for h fishing, mechanisms and systems) for all cars O bilam ATP .

Moral and material responsibility for the quality of maintenance and repair e mon - and the units, units and systems assigned to the site become n kret - Noah. The work assigned to the main production sites is carried out by the performers who are part of their teams both at the posts of maintenance and repair e installation, as well as in the relevant workshops and areas. The disadvantage of this method is the decentralization of production, d nyayaya operational management of them.

In addition, there may be friction I go to separate sections because of next O work performance, which leads to the accumulation of workers on some vehicles and excessive downtime of other vehicles that require maintenance at living and repair.

Distribution of cars arriving for maintenance and repair, by production n areas does not allow planning the completion time of repairs for the entire vehicle and lu.

Thus, the most progressive methods of organizing the production of TO and TR on ATP are methods based on brig d organization tr at yes performers specializing either in the subject - nom, or according to technological O to my sign.

In the first case, each of the brigades performs maintenance and repair of certain agricultural e gats or vehicle systems (engine maintenance and repair team, clutch maintenance and repair team, cardan and main gear boxes e editions, etc.), in the second case, each of the teams performs the appropriate type of technical e impact (UMR brigade, TO-1 brigade, etc.), while for the convenience of management, it is advisable to combine individual brigades in a set To sy.

Regardless of the number of cars in ATP trail preference at should not be given to a centralized production management option T pom.

The production management centralization system (PMC) provides forO adherence to the following principles:

1. A clear distribution of administrative and operational functions between management personnel and the concentration of operational functions v management in a single center or production management department T PTO (TsUP or PMO).

The main tasks of the PMU - collection and processing of information on the state of production resources and the amount of work to be performed e production, as well as planning and control over the activities of d departments based on an analysis of the existing and n formations. The MCC consists of two divisions - the department of operational management e niya (OOU) and the department of processing and analysis of information (O O AI).

2. The organization of the production of maintenance and repair of rolling stock is based on the technological principle of the formation of production d stven - divisions. At the same time, each type of technical air th actions are carried out by a specialized team or section (brigades EO, TO-1, TO-2, TR, etc.).

3. Production units (teams, sections), l technologically homogeneous work, for the purpose of ease of management v I unite them T in industrial complexes.

ITSATP may include the following production lines m complexes:

v Complex section (TOD), which performs diagnostics of the technical condition of the rolling stock, maintenance, maintenance work and related repairs

v Complex site (TP), performing work on current repairs;

v Complex site (RU), production General repair of units and assemblies , parts removed from vehicles and the manufacture of new parts;

v Complex plot (PP) providing training maintenance and repair production.

A number of works can practically be carried out O mainly by car and in workshops (electrotechnical, gesture I am Nitsky, welding, painting, etc.). the assignment of these units to TR or RU is usually made taking into account the prevailing (by labor O yo capacity) type of work, as well as taking into account organizational considerations in relation to specific conditions O Wiyam ATP.

4. Preparation of production, i.e. e. acquisition of the working capital of spare parts and materials, storage and regulation of a passes, delivery of aggregates, assemblies and parts to work stations, washing and acquisition of the repair fund, provision of working tools at ment, as well as driving cars in the areas of maintenance, repair and waiting a niya - carried out centrally by the production preparation complex T va.

On to pre-production complex entrusted to you completion of the following works :

v Acquisition of the working capital of units, assemblies, devices and parts;

v Organization of the work of the intermediate warehouse to ensure the storage of the working capital and the maintenance of the regulatory fund of serviceable units, assemblies and parts;

v Spare parts selection and their delivery to workplaces;

v Transportation of units, components and parts removed for repair;

v Organization of washing of all units, assemblies and parts removed from vehicles;

v Acquisition of components and parts for maintenance - 2 on the basis of pre-identified during the diagnosis of faults, etc. . d .

5. The MCC system uses means of communication, automation, telephone e mechanics and computer technology.

Allows to ensure the collection and concentration in the MCC of comprehensive information on the progress of maintenance and repair of vehicles, the employment of technological posts, the availability of material and labor resources, which enables the MCC employees to make informed decisions according to the sequence of placing vehicles for technological impact, etc. . d .

Scheme of centralized production management with the technologist method and cal complexes is shown in fig. one

The control scheme of the projected site is shown in fig. 2

CHOICE OF METHOD OF ORGANIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CSO PROCESS AT THE DESIGN SITE

In maintenance projects, the choice of the method of organizing maintenance logical process should be determined by the shift program of the corresponding type of TO. Depending on her lead and ranks, the method of universal posts or the method of specialized posts can be adopted. O st.

Universal posts method for the organization of maintenance a accepted for ATP with a small shift program for maintenance,

in which There is a variety of rolling stock.

accepted in medium and large - nyh ATP in which the rolling stock is operated. According to the recommendations of NIIAT, those X It is expedient to organize technical service at a specialized n ny posts by the in-line method, if the shift program is not m e it: for EO> 50, for TO - 1> 12, and for TO - 2> 6 services of the same type of cars O biley.

Otherwise, either the method of dead-end specialized posts must be applied, or m e tod of universal posts.

When choosing a method, it should be borne in mind that the most progressive is O exact method, because it provides a boost productive - the complexity of labor due to the specialization of posts, jobs and performers, creates h opportunity for wider mechanization of work, contributes to the s labor and technological discipline, ensures continuity and T production efficiency, reduces costs and improves the quality of service and ing, contributes to the improvement of working conditions and the preservation of production facilities O sparing.

In projects in the current repair area the technological process can be organized by the method of universal or specialized O st.

Method of universal posts TR is currently the most common b shinstvo ATP .

Specialized posts method finds more and more O country - in ATP , because allows you to maximize the mechanization of labor-intensive processes e installation, reduce the need for the same type of equipment, improve - sew working conditions, use less qualified performers, improve the quality e repair and labor productivity.

Scheme of the technological process at the facility ctation is shown in fig. 3

Rice. 1. Scheme of central production control

Scheme of management of the projected site

Fig.2. Scheme of control of the aggregate-mechanical section

SCHEME OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS ON ABOUTKommersantDESIGN PROJECT

Rice. 3. Scheme of the technological process of repair in the aggregate-mechanical section

SELECTION OF THE MODE OF OPERATION OF PRODUCTION DIVISIONS

The work of production units engaged in technical maintenance, diagnostics and current repairs in the ATP must be coordinated with the mode of operation of vehicles on the line. When assigning their operating mode, one should proceed from the requirement to perform large amounts of maintenance and repair work between shifts.

Number of workerstheir days of the year: 365 days.

Shift work: 2 shifts.

Start and end times: from 6 00 to 20 3 0 hours;

The combined schedule of vehicles on the line and production units, see below fig. 4.

R DISTRIBUTION OF PERFORMERS BY SPECIALTIES AND QUALIFICATIONS

Distribution of performers in the aggregate-mechanical section

Table No. 4.3

Thus, on aggregate - m mechanical site work performing Yu T 3 performer I am , which s perform the entire cycle of repair and diagnostics and ki, since the number of secret, technologically necessary workers or the number of jobs received and Elk 3 .

SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT

Selection of technological equipment, technological and tooling for aggregate-mechanical site production - dim, taking into account the recommendations of standard projects of workplaces and the report card of garage technological equipment.

Technological equipment(organizational tooling)

table № 4.4

Technological equipment

Table No. 4.5

CALCULATION OF THE PRODUCTION AREA OF THE DESIGN OBJECT

In projects for repair shops(sites) production area is calculated by the formula:

k n \u003d 4.5 - density coefficient of equipment arrangement.

f about \u003d 50.97 - the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe horizontal projection of technological equipment and organizational tooling, m 2 .

Finally, I accept the area of ​​the aggregate-mechanical section equal to:

F shop \u003d 288 m 2, 24 x 12 m 2

Deviation from the calculated area during the design or reconstruction of any production premises is allowed within ± 20% for premises with an area of ​​​​up to 100 m 2 and ± 10% for premises with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bmore than 100 m 2

TTECHNOLOGICAL CARD

The technological process of maintenance, diagnostics or TR is a set of operations for the corresponding effects, which are performed in a certain sequence using various tools, devices and other mechanization means in compliance with technical requirements(technical conditions).

The technological process of maintenance and diagnostics is drawn up in the form of an operational-technological or guard technological map.

Operational routing reflects the sequence of operations of types of maintenance (diagnostics) or individual types of work on these effects on the unit or vehicle system.

Post technological map reflects the sequence of maintenance (diagnostics) operations for units (unit) or systems (system) that are performed at one of the maintenance (diagnostics) posts.

Route map reflects the sequence of operations for the repair of the unit or mechanism of the car in one of the divisions of the TR.

In accordance with the operational map, a process was developed and entered into the operational map.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEVEL OF MECHANIZATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES IN DIVISIONS TO AND TR ATP

CALCULATION OF THE DEGREE OF COVERAGE OF WORKERS WITH MECHANIZED LABOR

The overall degree of coverage of workers with mechanized labor in the maintenance unit (TR) is determined by the formula:

C m = 22.2% - the degree of coverage of workers by mechanized labor,%.

With mr = 37.2% - the degree of coverage of workers by mechanized-manual labor,%.

The degree of coverage of workers by mechanized-manual labor is determined by the formula:

R m - the number of workers performing work by mechanized labor.

Р mr - the number of workers performing work by mechanized-manual labor.

P p - the number of workers doing the work manually.

CALCULATION OF THE LEVEL OF MECHANIZED LABORA IN TOTAL LABOUR

General level of mechanized labor in total labor costsin the maintenance department (TR) is determined by the formula:

Y mr = 6.0% - the level of mechanized-manual labor in total labor costs.

U mt = 12.7% - the level of mechanized labor in total labor costs,%.

R M 1, R M 2, ... R M n - the number of workers performing work in a mechanized way on the corresponding equipment;

K 1, K 2 , Kn, is the coefficient of mechanization of the equipment used by the respective workers.

P MP 1, P MP 2, ... P MP n - the number of workers performing work in a mechanized-manual way with the appropriate tool.

And 1, And 2 , In , are the coefficients of the simplest mechanization of the tool

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF WORK ON LABOR SAFETY

Occupational Safety and Health- this is a system of measures to prevent accidents at work, which includes issues of labor legislation, safety requirements, requirements of an industrial sanatorium and personal hygiene at work.

Tasks of labor protection- protecting the health of workers, ensuring safe working conditions, eliminating industrial injuries and occupational diseases.

Hazardous and harmful production factors are understood as the totality of such working conditions in the workplace that can have a negative impact on the human body. As a result of the influence of these factors, the health of the worker may deteriorate, and the occurrence of various occupational diseases may also be observed. When working at the aggregate-mechanical section, workers use various types of flammable liquids (gasoline, kerosene, solvents), which causes air pollution. Therefore, if the rules are not followed, there is a danger of poisoning with their vapors.

Various electrical equipment is also used on the site, therefore, if the rules for its operation are violated, there is a great danger of a fire or explosion. There is also a risk of electric shock to workers in case of violation of electrical safety rules. Work area use in work diesel fuel and gasoline, therefore, if personal hygiene rules are not followed, there is a danger of poisoning.

The most important element of protecting workers from exposure to hazardous and harmful factors is compliance with safety regulations.

One of the main duties of employees of the ministry, departments, departments and motor transport enterprises is the strictest observance of labor protection requirements.

In our country, labor protection is a system of legislative acts and the corresponding socio-economic, technical, hygienic and organizational measures that ensure the safety, health and performance of a person in the process of work.

At an enterprise where the labor protection of workers should be given constant attention, the attitude of engineering and technical and managerial employees to the implementation of measures to improve working conditions in production conditions should serve as a criterion for their civil maturity and professional preparedness.

Labor protection is also an important economic factor, the improvement of conditions affects labor productivity and product quality, a decrease in the number of accidents, a decrease in staff turnover, injuries and occupational diseases, as well as related economic losses.

An important factor in improving labor protection at the enterprise is to provide the employees of the enterprise with the necessary reference literature.

For non-compliance with the requirements or violations of legislation and rules on labor protection, failure to fulfill obligations under the collective agreement and instructions of supervisory authorities, these employees may be subject to disciplinary, administrative, material and criminal liability.

Workers and employees are obliged to comply with labor protection instructions that establish the rules for performing work and carrying out work in production premises and on the territory of the enterprise.

Persons guilty of violating labor protection legislation are liable in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Occupational safety management is carried out:

at ATP as a whole - the head of the enterprise (employer);

at the production site, in services and departments - their leaders (foreman, team).

Upon hiring, each employee is given a briefing.

Briefings according to the nature and time of the conduct are divided into the following types: introductory, primary at the workplace, repeated, unscheduled and targeted.

Induction training conducts an employee (engineer) on labor protection or an employee appointed for this purpose from among the specialists of the organization, with all newly hired, regardless of their education, length of service in this profession or position, as well as with business travelers, students, students, arrived for industrial training or practice.

Introductory briefing is carried out in the office of labor protection using modern technical means education and propaganda, as well as visual aids (posters, field exhibits, models, models, films, filmstrips, transparencies). The introductory briefing is carried out according to a program developed taking into account the requirements of state standards, rules, norms and instructions for labor protection, as well as all the features of production, approved by the head of the organization and the relevant elected trade union body. The introductory briefing is recorded in a special journal.

Primary briefing at the workplace are carried out with all newly hired employees who are transferred from one unit to another, business travelers, students, students who have arrived for industrial training or internship, with employees performing new work for them, as well as employees performing construction and installation work within the organization.

Primary briefing at the workplace is carried out individually with each employee with a practical demonstration of safe labor practices and methods in accordance with labor protection instructions developed for individual professions and types of work, taking into account the requirements of the standards.

Primary briefing at the workplace is not carried out with employees not related to maintenance, testing, adjustment, repair of rolling stock and equipment, use of tools, storage of raw materials and materials. The list of professions of workers exempted from primary briefing at the workplace is approved by the head of the organization in agreement with the trade union body or other representative body authorized by employees.

Each employee with a profession, after the initial briefing at the workplace to master the skills of safe working methods, is attached for 2-5 shifts (depending on the nature and complexity of the profession) to a foreman-mentor or an experienced worker, under whose guidance he performs work. After that, the head of the site, making sure that the newly hired employee has mastered safe working methods, issues an admission to independent work.

Re-briefing is carried out in order to consolidate knowledge of safe methods and techniques of work according to the program of primary briefing at the workplace.

In connection with the classification of vehicles as means of increased danger, all employees, regardless of their qualifications, education and length of service, are re-instructed at least once every 3 months, with the exception of employees specified in the initial briefing of these Rules.

Unscheduled briefing is carried out in the following cases:

v when changing the rules on labor protection;

v when changing the technological process, replacing or upgrading equipment, fixtures, tools, raw materials, materials and other factors affecting labor safety;

v in case of violation by the employee of labor safety requirements, which can lead or has led to injury, accident, explosion or fire, poisoning;

during work breaks:

v for 30 calendar days or more - for work that is subject to additional (increased) labor safety requirements;

v 60 days or more - for other works.

Targeted coaching carried out when performing: one-time work not related to direct duties in the specialty (loading, unloading, cleaning the territory, etc.); elimination of consequences of accidents, natural disasters and catastrophes; the production of works for which a work permit, permit and other documents are issued; conducting excursions in the organization; organization of public events with students.

Conducting a targeted briefing is recorded in the work permit for the production of work and in the logbook of the briefing at the workplace.

All first-time employees or career changers must complete occupational safety training as part of their vocational training, followed by examinations, before being allowed to work independently.

Employees who have a profession and documents confirming that they have completed the relevant training are allowed to work independently without prior training after passing the introductory and primary briefings.

Employees should also receive knowledge on labor safety during advanced training or training in second professions under special programs. Occupational safety issues should be included in this program.

With regard to this task, do not deviate from the rules on labor protection at road transport, approved by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation on December 12, 1995 by Order No. 106, as well as adhere to the requirements for production, technological processes for maintenance and repair of vehicles.

Primary at the workplace, repeated and unscheduled briefings are carried out by the immediate supervisor of the work, and repeated and unscheduled - individually or with a group of workers of the same profession.

Conducting primary, repeated and unscheduled briefings is recorded in a special journal with the obligatory signature of the instructed and instructing, the permit for admission to work is also indicated in the journal.

When registering an unscheduled briefing, the reason that caused it to be held must also be indicated. The journal is kept by the immediate supervisor of the work. At the end of the magazine, he surrenders to the labor protection service and starts a new one. The logs for registration of briefings at the workplace must be numbered, laced, sealed and issued to the heads of departments against receipt.

BASICEXTERNAL PRODUCTION FACILITIESEHARMFUL

The most likely harmful industrial substances and their maximum permissible concentrations (MAC) according to GOST 12.1.005-76.

Gasoline-50 mg / m 3;

Carbon monoxide-20 mg / m 3;

Nitrogen oxides - 5 mg / m 3;

Dust of artificial abrasives - 150 mg/m 3 ;

Sulfur dioxide - 10 mg / m 3;

Dust-2 mg/m 3 .

Natural and exhaust ventilation and personal protective equipment are required.

Protective equipment should be used in cases where the safety of work cannot be ensured by the design of equipment, the organization of production processes, architectural and planning solutions and collective protection equipment, and also if occupational health is not ensured.

The employer is obliged to provide employees with special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment (PPE), which must have certificates of conformity, in a timely manner and free of charge at their own expense.

To remove harmful emissions directly from workplaces, machines and equipment, during the operation of which dust and small particles of metal, rubber, wood, etc., as well as vapors and gases are released, it is necessary to arrange local exhaust ventilation, interlocked with the start-up of the equipment.

When the duration of work in a gassed atmosphere is not more than one hour, the maximum allowable concentration of carbon monoxide can be increased to 50 mg/m mg / m 3. Repeated work in conditions of high content of carbon monoxide in the air working area can only be done after a 2-hour break.

An employee (specialist) appointed by order of the head of the organization is responsible for the operation of ventilation installations. Changing the adjustment of ventilation units, connecting additional nozzles and channels is allowed only with the permission of the employee responsible for the operation of ventilation units.

Before putting into operation, all newly repaired or reconstructed ventilation systems must undergo adjustment and testing, which must be carried out by a specialized organization with the drawing up of an act in the prescribed manner.

When changing technological processes, as well as when rearranging production equipment that pollutes the air, the ventilation installations operating in a given section (workshop) must be brought into line with the new conditions.

The ventilation system provides a set of devices that provide air exchange in the room, i.e., the removal of polluted, heated, humid air from the room and the supply of fresh, clean air to the room.

With natural ventilation, air exchange is carried out due to the occurrence of a pressure difference between the outside and inside the building. The pressure difference is determined primarily by the thermal head, which occurs due to the fact that the warmer air in the room has a lower density than the more cold air outside the premises. As a result, the warmer air in the room rises and is removed from the room through the exhaust pipes, and its place is taken by fresh, cooler and cleaner air entering the room through windows, doors, vents, transoms, cracks.

Thus, the effectiveness of natural ventilation depends on the difference in temperatures outside and inside the room (the temperature difference determines the difference in air densities), the height of the exhaust openings and the wind speed outside the room. The advantage of natural ventilation is the absence of energy costs for the movement of air masses into and out of the room. However, natural ventilation has a very significant drawback, namely: in the warm season and in calm weather, its efficiency can drop significantly, because due to an increase in outdoor temperature, the heat pressure drops (or is absent at all), and in the absence of wind there is no wind pressure. In addition, with natural ventilation, the air entering the room and the air removed from the room does not undergo cleaning and preliminary preparation. If the ambient air is polluted, for example, dusty, then it enters the room also polluted. If harmful substances are emitted in the room as a result of any technological processes, they are emitted without their capture into the environment with the air removed from the room. As a result, the environment is polluted.

mechanical ventilation devoid of the disadvantages of natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is called ventilation, in which air is supplied to the premises and (or) removed from them through the systems of ventilation ducts using special mechanical stimulators - fans. Mechanical ventilation can be supply air, in which air is supplied to the room by a fan; exhaust, in which air is removed from the room, and supply and exhaust, in which fresh air is supplied to the room, and polluted air is removed from the room.

During non-working hours in production premises, it is allowed to use supply ventilation for recirculation, with it turned off at least 30 minutes before the start of work.

For recirculation during working hours, it is allowed to use the air of rooms in which there are no emissions of harmful substances and vapors or the emitted substances belong to the IV class of danger and their concentration in the air does not exceed 30% of the MPC in the air of the working area.

The local exhaust ventilation system is designed to localize and prevent the spread of harmful substances throughout the premises, which form in certain areas of production.

All ventilation systems must be in good working order. If, during the operation of the ventilation system, the content of harmful substances in the air of the industrial premises exceeds the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), then a test should be carried out, and, if necessary, the system should be reconstructed. At the same time, work should be stopped, and workers removed from the premises.

OPTIMA WEATHER CONDITIONS

For the aggregate-mechanical section, the optimal air temperature is:

In winter 22…..24 °С.

In summer 20…..22°С.

Relative humidity 40…..60%.

Air speed: in winter 0.2 m/sec.

in summer 0.3 m/sec.

To provide comfortable conditions it is necessary to maintain a thermal balance between the release of heat by the human body and the release of heat to the environment. It is possible to ensure the heat balance by adjusting the values ​​of the microclimate parameters in the room (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity). In the working area, as well as in the inspection ditches, air must be supplied during the cold season with a temperature not higher than 25 °C and not lower than 16 °C.

Maintaining these parameters at the level of optimal values ​​provides comfortable climatic conditions for a person, and at the level of permissible - the maximum permissible, at which the thermoregulation of the human body provides thermal balance and does not allow overheating or hypothermia of the body.

O LIGHTING

For the aggregate-mechanical section, natural and artificial lighting is used, natural light is better in its spectral composition than artificial light created by any light sources. In addition, the better the natural light in the room, the less time you have to use artificial light, and this leads to energy savings, so workplaces should be located closer to the windows, choosing window openings of the appropriate size.

Windows facing the sunny side should be equipped with devices that provide protection from direct sunlight.

It is not allowed to block windows and other light openings with materials, equipment, etc.

The light openings of the upper lanterns must be glazed with reinforced glass or metal nets must be hung under the lantern to protect against possible glass falling out.

Glazing of light openings and lanterns should be cleaned from contamination regularly, with significant contamination at least 4 times a year, and with minor contamination at least 2 times a year.

To ensure safety, when cleaning the glazing of light openings, special devices (ladders, scaffolds, etc.) should be used.

Premises and workplaces must be provided with artificial lighting sufficient for the safe performance of work, the stay and movement of people in accordance with the requirements of current building codes and regulations. Luminaires must be cleaned within the time limits specified in the current building codes and regulations.

The device and operation of the artificial lighting system must comply with the requirements of the current regulatory legal acts.

For the power supply of general lighting fixtures in rooms, as a rule, a voltage of no higher than 220 V is used. In rooms without increased danger, the specified voltage is allowed for all stationary fixtures, regardless of their installation height.

Luminaires with fluorescent lamps with a voltage of 127-220 V may be installed at a height of less than 2.5 m from the floor, provided that their current-carrying parts are inaccessible to accidental touches. For local lighting of workplaces, luminaires with non-translucent reflectors should be used. The design of local lighting fixtures should provide for the possibility of changing the direction of light.

To power the lamps of local stationary lighting, voltage should be used: in rooms without increased danger - no higher than 220 V, and in rooms with increased danger and especially dangerous - no higher than 50 V. When using fluorescent and gas discharge lamps for general and local lighting, measures to eliminate the stroboscopic effect.

Illumination rate - 200 lux. For lighting lamps, a voltage of 220 V is used, and for carrying, a voltage of not more than 40 V is used. In addition, there should be no sharp shadows on the working surface. At the post site - to control lighting, lamps are protected, explosion-proof.

For artificial lighting, two types of electric lamps are used:

v incandescent lamps (LN);

v gas discharge lamps (HL).

Incandescent lamps are thermal light sources. Visible radiation (light) in them is obtained as a result of heating a tungsten filament with an electric current.

In gas-discharge lamps, visible radiation arises as a result of an electric discharge in an atmosphere of inert gases or metal vapors, which fill the lamp bulb. Discharge lamps called luminescent.

Discharge lamps include various types of fluorescent lamps. low pressure with different luminous flux distribution over the spectrum:

v white light lamps (LB);

v cold white light lamps (LHB);

v lamps with improved light output (LLT), etc.

PRODUCTIONNOISE, ULTRASOUND AND VIBRATION

Noise and vibration are created by ventilation, stands, etc. Sound insulation, sound absorption and vibration isolation are necessary. Apply sound insulation of walls, doors, sound absorption and vibration isolation, which consists in reducing the transmission of vibrations from the excitation source to the protected object using devices placed between them.

Also, vibration damping is carried out by installing the units on a massive foundation. One way to suppress vibrations is to install vibration dampers.

Noise protection includes earmolds, earmuffs and helmets. Headphones tightly fit the auricle and are held on the head by an arcuate spring. Their efficiency varies from 7 dB at 125 Hz to 38 dB at 8000 Hz.

T TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS CZECH PROCESSES AND EQUIPMENT

At the site, maintenance and repairs should be carried out at specially designated places equipped with necessary appliances, devices and fixtures.

Tools, fixtures and components should be located in close proximity to the worker: what is taken with the left hand - to the left of him, with the right hand - to the right; based on this, they place and auxiliary equipment(tool cabinets, racks, etc.). Auxiliary equipment should be located so that it does not go beyond the site established for the workplace. Materials, parts, assemblies, finished products at the workplace must be stacked on racks in a way that ensures their stability and ease of grip when using lifting mechanisms. Trolleys for transporting units, assemblies and parts must have racks and stops that protect them from falling and spontaneous movement.

Workbenches for locksmith work should be of a rigid and durable construction, adjusted to the height of workers with the help of stands under them or footrests. The width of the workbench must be at least 750 mm, height 800 - 1000 mm. To protect people nearby from possible injuries from flying pieces of the processed material, workbenches should be equipped with safety nets at least 1 m high and with a mesh size of not more than 3 mm. It is possible to install workbenches close to the walls only if heating radiators, pipelines and other equipment are not placed there.

Machine tools must be equipped with protective devices (screens) to protect workers from flying chips and cutting fluid. If, according to the technical conditions, it is impossible to use a protective device on the machines, employees must work in protective glasses issued by the employer. The workplace of the machine operator and the room must be kept clean, well lit and not cluttered with details and materials. Removal of chips from the machine must be carried out with appropriate devices (hooks, brushes). Hooks should have smooth handles and a shield that protects hands from being cut by chips. Cleaning of chips from the machines and from the working aisles must be carried out daily, the accumulation of chips is prohibited. The chips are collected in special boxes and, as they are filled, they are removed from the workshop (section). Workers and site managers are required to ensure that there are no unauthorized persons near the machines. When working, overalls must be tightly buttoned. Hair must be covered with a headdress (beret, scarf, net, etc.) and matched under it. When leaving the workplace (even for a short time), the machine operator must turn off the machine. On a lathe, the cleaning of workpieces with an emery cloth and their polishing must be carried out using special devices (clamps, holders). Speakers for the spindle lathe the ends of the processed material must be protected by a fixed casing. The processing of metals that form continuous chips should be carried out using chip breakers for chip crushing. Processing of brittle metals and dust-forming materials should be carried out using local exhaust ventilation. When removing (screwing) the chuck or faceplate, rotate them only by hand. The machine spindle should not be turned on for this purpose. When installing drills and other cutting tools and fixtures on a drilling machine in the machine spindle, it is necessary to pay attention to the strength of their fastening and installation accuracy.

Chips may only be removed from the hole to be drilled after the machine has stopped and the tool has been retracted. All items intended for processing must be securely installed and fixed on the table or plate of the drilling machine using a vise, jig or other devices. To remove the tool from the spindle of the drilling machine, hammers and drifts should be used, made of a material that excludes the separation of its particles upon impact. When installing and changing cutters on a milling machine, devices must be used to prevent cuts to the hands. Chips from a rotating cutter should be removed with a wooden stick or brush with a handle at least 250 mm long. The distance for free passage between the wall and the table or planer slide in the extreme position with their maximum extension should not be less than 700 mm.

When working on machines it is not allowed:

v remove the existing guards from the machine or keep them open during operation;

v work on defective machines, as well as on machines with defective or loose guards;

v press the emery and polishing cloth to the part with your hands;

v put tools and parts on the machines, leave the key in the machine chuck;

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Introduction

1. Technological part

1.3 Determination of the annual labor intensity of work

1.4 Determination of the number of production workers

1.5 Determination of the number of posts of the section

1.7 Determination of the production area of ​​the site

1.8 Planning decisions buildings

2. Organizational part

3.1 Compliance with safety requirements when performing work in the area

4. Energy saving in the area

4.2Measures to save thermal energy

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Road passenger transport is the main mode of transport for trips over short and medium distances. Road transport is one of the largest sectors of the national economy with complex and diverse equipment and technology, as well as a specific organization and management system.

For the normal operation of road transport and its further development it is necessary to systematically update the car park and keep it in good technical condition. Ensuring the required number of rolling stock fleet can be carried out in two ways:

purchase of new cars;

accumulation of the fleet due to the repair of cars.

Car repair is an objective necessity, which is due to technical and economic reasons.

Firstly, the need of the national economy for cars is partially satisfied through the operation of repaired cars.

Secondly, the repair ensures the continued use of those elements of cars that are not completely worn out. As a result, a significant amount of the previous labor spent on the manufacture of these parts is saved.

Thirdly, repairs help to save materials used for the manufacture of new cars.

The technical perfection of vehicles in terms of their durability and laboriousness of repair should be assessed not from the standpoint of the possibility of repairing and restoring worn parts in the conditions of repair enterprises, but from the standpoint of the need to create vehicles that require only low-labor disassembly and assembly work associated with the change of interchangeable wear parts during repair. details and knots.

An important element of the optimal organization of repairs is the creation of the necessary technical base, which predetermines the introduction of progressive forms of labor organization, an increase in the level of mechanization of work, equipment productivity, and a reduction in labor costs and funds.

The purpose of the course project is the design of the electrical department, the determination of the labor intensity of work, the number of workers, the selection of equipment, the development of a technological map.

1. Technological part

1.1 Selection of initial data for design

The initial data for the technological calculation are selected from the design assignment and from the regulatory literature.

Initial data from the design task:

The number of population in the served area - Р=9000 people;

Number of cars per 1000 inhabitants - Aud. =225 units;

The average annual mileage of the car - LГ = 14000 km.;

Normative specific labor intensity of TO and TR per 1000 km of run - tn TO and TR \u003d 2.43 man-hours / 1000 km;

Coefficient taking into account the number of customers using the services of a car service organization - kkp = 0.81

The climate is moderately warm.

Initial data from the regulatory literature:

Days of car downtime in maintenance and repair, dTO AND TR, days/1000 km;

Normative labor intensity of diagnostic work, man-hour;

Maintenance frequency standard, km;

Overhaul mileage, km;

Number of days of vehicle downtime in overhaul, DC, days

1.2 Determination of the number of vehicles served in a given area

The annual number of cars serviced in a given area is determined by the formula

car maintenance equipment

where P is the number of inhabitants in the served area;

Aud. - the number of cars per 1000 inhabitants, taken according to the traffic police;

Kkp - coefficient taking into account the number of clients using the services of the PAS, which is assumed to be 0.75-0.90;

1.3 Determination of the annual labor intensity of work

The annual scope of work on maintenance and repair for urban DAS is determined by the formula

Where LГ is the annual mileage of the car;

Asto - the number of serviced vehicles;

tTO,TR - specific labor intensity of TO and TR per 100 km of run, person hours / 1000;

the specific labor intensity of maintenance and repair per 100 km of run, person hours / 1000 is determined by the formula

Where tnTO, TR is the standard specific labor intensity of maintenance and TR per 1000 km of run, man-hours;

K1 - coefficient taking into account the number of working posts (up to 5-1.05, from 6 to 10-1.0, from 16 to 26-0.9, from 26 to 35-0.85, over 35-08);

K3 - coefficient taking into account the climatic zone

tTO,TR = 2.4310.9= 2.19 man-hours

50% of work is performed at the post, repair of components, systems and assemblies is 14.9%

TTO, TR \u003d 502820.50.147 \u003d 2891 man-hours.

1.4 Calculation of the number of production workers

For the TO and TR zone, in which work is carried out directly on the car, the technologically necessary number of workers of the RT, pers. determined by the formula

where Fm is the annual fund of the workplace time, hours (from the production calendar);

kn - coefficient of uneven loading of posts,

The coefficient of use of the working time of the post, (tab. 9).

we accept 2 people.

1.5 Calculation of the number of posts in the TO-2 zone

The number of posts n is determined by the formula

where TN is the annual volume of post work, man-hours,

The coefficient of uneven receipt of cars at the post, (= 1.15),

Рav - the average number of workers at one post, (tab. 8),

Фп - annual fund of working hours of the post, man-hours,

Post working time utilization ratio (= 0.94-0.95)

accept 1

1.6 Selection of technological equipment, technological and organizational equipment

Table 11 - Technological equipment, technological and organizational equipment

1.7 Calculation of the production area of ​​the TR site

The area of ​​the plot is determined by the formula

F3 \u003d fa xs kpl,

Where kpl is the density coefficient for the arrangement of equipment and placement of posts, [p. 54.14],

xs - coefficient,

fa - the area occupied by the car in terms of m2.

F3 = 9.6 6.52= 124.8 m2

2. Organizational part

Technological map of removing the gearbox from a car

3. Labor and environmental protection

3.1 Compliance with safety requirements when performing work in the department

General requirements safety procedures include checking technical readiness machine, its start-up, inspection after completion of work and troubleshooting. The workplace should be comfortable and provide good review front of work, equipped with fences, protective and safety devices and devices.

An increase in the degree of safety is achieved by the use of safety devices.

Before being allowed to work, mechanics and their assistants receive an instruction against receipt, which also contains safety requirements. Every year, people servicing machines, test knowledge in the volume production instructions. The results of the knowledge test are drawn up and entered in the journal of attestation and knowledge testing. Before starting work, you must give a warning sound signal. Do not start work in low light.

Work must be stopped if the safety devices are damaged and in case of emergencies. At the end of work, all combustible and lubricants must be put into storage. Breaker in front of the main power cable power plant with an electric drive must be turned off and locked. In case of an accident or an accident, it is necessary to stop the power plant before the arrival of a representative of the administration. Non-compliance with safety regulations can lead to work-related injuries.

Modern machines and equipment are equipped with means to protect workers from vibration, shock, industrial noise, and dust.

To prevent electric shock in the lighting or control network, if possible, apply electric current with a voltage of up to 36 V; isolate and enclose electrical equipment and wires under voltage; install protective equipment that turns off electrical equipment at dangerous loads in the electrical circuit; ground electrical equipment.

3.2 Compliance with industrial hygiene requirements

Industrial sanitation is a system of organizational measures and technical means that prevent or reduce the impact on workers of harmful production factors. The main dangerous and harmful production factors are: increased dust and gas content in the air of the working area; increased or decreased air temperature of the working area; increased or decreased humidity and air mobility in the working area; increased noise level; increased level of vibration; increased level of various electromagnetic radiations; lack or lack of natural light; insufficient illumination of the working area and others.

Dangerous and harmful production factors:

physical;

Chemical;

biological;

Psychophysiological.

Boundaries of industrial sanitation:

Improvement of the air environment and normalization of microclimate parameters in the working area;

Protection of workers from noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, etc.;

Ensuring the required standards of natural and artificial lighting;

Maintenance in accordance with the sanitary requirements of the territory of the organization, the main production and auxiliary premises.

The industrial microclimate is one of the main factors affecting the working capacity and human health. Meteorological factors greatly affect the life, well-being and health of a person. An unfavorable combination of factors leads to a violation of thermoregulation.

In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-74 “SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification” increased dust and gas contamination of the air environment of the working area refers to physically dangerous and harmful production factors.

Many substances entering the body lead to acute and chronic poisoning. The ability of a substance to cause harmful effects on the vital activity of an organism is called toxicity.

3.3 Ensuring environmental protection

Road transport is one of the most powerful sources of environmental pollution. The direct negative impact of cars on the environment is associated with emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The indirect impact of road transport on the environment is due to the fact that roads, parking lots, service enterprises occupy an ever larger and daily increasing area necessary for human life.

Work on environmental protection at each AP should include the following main activities:

Training of AP personnel and drivers in the basics of environmental safety;

Improvement of the technical condition of the rolling stock produced on the line, fuel economy, reduction of empty mileage of vehicles, rational organization of traffic;

Organization of warm parking lots, electric heating of cars and other measures to improve the state of the environment;

Maintenance of serviceability of cars, correct adjustment of work of engines;

Elimination of leakage of fuel, oil, antifreeze in the parking lot;

Cleaning the resulting smudges of operational materials, backfilling with sand or sawdust;

Collection of waste oils, other liquids and their delivery to collection points;

Periodic check for opacity and prohibition of the release of cars on the line with high opacity of gases;

Organization and provision of effective treatment of sewage of household, industrial and storm water with the help of a treatment plant, the introduction of recycling water supply at the AP;

Systematic monitoring of the condition of vehicle components and assemblies in order to reduce noise;

If there is an operating boiler house on the territory of the AP, it is necessary to provide for measures to reduce air pollution with harmful emissions (smoke, soot, gases), in the future, the elimination of the boiler house on the territory of the ATO and the transition to central heating.

The territory, production, auxiliary, sanitary facilities and areas for storing vehicles must comply with applicable sanitary norms and rules. Garbage, industrial waste, etc. must be cleaned in a timely manner in specially designated places. Territories of enterprises should be equipped with drainage systems. Where acids, alkalis and petroleum products are used, floors must be resistant to these substances and not absorb them.

Premises for the storage and maintenance of vehicles, where a rapid increase in the concentration of toxic substances in the air is possible, should be equipped with a system automatic control for the state of the air environment in the working area and signaling devices.

The organization must be equipped with domestic and industrial water supply, as well as industrial sewerage in accordance with the standards.

4. Energy saving in the electromechanical section

4.1 Measures to save energy

The main ways to reduce electricity losses in industry are:

Rational construction of the power supply system;

Laying networks in polyurethane foam insulation;

Wiping an electric light bulb from dust;

Do not leave electrical appliances in standby mode;

Painting walls and ceilings white;

Maximization of natural light;

Use of solar panels;

Replacement of incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps;

Transferring loads from the maximum hours of the power system to other hours;

Application of 2 tariff counters;

Reducing the growth of tariffs for energy resources;

Development of a methodology for determining specific energy consumption norms.

4.2 Measures to save thermal energy

The successful application of energy-saving technology largely predetermines the norms of technological and construction design of buildings and, in particular, the requirements for the parameters of indoor air, specific heat, moisture, steam, and gas emission.

Significant reserves of fuel savings are contained in the rational architectural and construction design of new public buildings. Savings can be achieved:

Appropriate choice of form and orientation of buildings; - space-planning decisions; - the choice of heat-shielding qualities of external fences; - the choice of walls and window sizes differentiated according to the cardinal points.

Careful installation of systems, thermal insulation, timely adjustment, compliance with the deadlines and scope of work for the maintenance and repair of systems and individual elements are important reserves for saving fuel and energy resources.

In order to radically change the state of affairs with the use of heat for heating and hot water supply of buildings, we need to implement a whole range of legislative measures that determine the procedure for designing, building and operating structures for various purposes.

The requirements for design solutions for buildings that provide reduced energy consumption should be clearly articulated; revised methods of rationing the use of energy resources. The tasks of saving heat for the heat supply of buildings should also be reflected in the relevant plans for the social and economic development of the republic.

Equipping heat consumers with flow control and regulation means can reduce energy costs by at least 10-14%. And when taking into account changes in wind speed - up to 20%. In addition, the use of facade control systems for heat supply for heating makes it possible to reduce heat consumption by 5-7%. Due to the automatic regulation of the operation of central and individual heating points and the reduction or elimination of network water losses, savings of up to 10% are achieved.

With the help of regulators and means of operational temperature control in heated rooms, it is possible to consistently maintain a comfortable mode while simultaneously reducing the temperature by 1-2C. This makes it possible to reduce up to 10% of the fuel consumed for heating. Due to the intensification of heat transfer of heating devices with the help of fans, a reduction in the consumption of thermal energy by up to 20% is achieved.

Thermal insulation of the ceiling with fiberglass mats can reduce heat loss by 69%. The payback period for an additional thermal insulation device is less than 3 years. During the heating season, savings were achieved in comparison with the normative solutions - in the range of 14-71%.

The use of low-density concrete with fillers such as perlite or other lightweight materials for the manufacture of enclosing structures of buildings makes it possible to increase the thermal resistance of organizations by 4-8 times.

The main areas of work to save thermal energy in the heat supply systems of buildings are:

Development and application in planning and in production of technically and economically sound progressive norms for the consumption of thermal energy for the implementation of the savings regime and their most efficient use;

Organization of effective accounting of heat supply and consumption;

Optimization of operating modes of heating networks with the development and implementation of adjustment measures;

Development and implementation of organizational and technical measures to eliminate unproductive heat losses and leaks in networks.

Conclusion

In this course project, the following tasks were solved:

Selected initial data;

The number of cars serviced in a given area is determined;

The annual labor intensity of the work was determined;

The number of production workers is determined

The number of posts of the site is determined;

The selection of technological equipment, technological and organizational equipment was made;

The production area of ​​the designed diagnostic site was determined;

The layout of the maintenance area has been made

List of sources used

Standards

1 GOST 2.105-95. ESKD. General requirements for text documents.

2 GOST 21.204-93 Symbols and images of elements master plans and transport facilities.

3 TKP 248-2010 (02190). Maintenance and repair of automobile Vehicle. Norms and rules of carrying out.

Literature

Main literature

Internet sources.

5 Kovalenko N.A. Technical operation of cars: tutorial/ ON THE. Kovalenko, V.PLobakh, N.V. Veprintsev. - Mn., 2008.

6 Kovalenko N.A. Technical operation of cars. Course and diploma design: study guide / N.A. Kovalenko, ed. ON THE. Kovalenko - Mn., 2011.

7 Lokhnitsky I.A. Energy saving / I.A. lokhnitsky. - Mn., 2004.

9 Guidelines on course design on technical operation cars.

10 Design of road transport enterprises: textbook / M.M. Bolbas; ed. MM. Bolbas. - Mn., 2004.

11 Sokol T.S. Occupational safety: textbook / T.S. Falcon; under general ed. N.V. Ovchinnikova. - Mn., 2005.

12 Sukhanov B.N. Maintenance and repair of automobiles: a manual for diploma design / B.N. Sukhanov, I.O. Borzykh, Yu.F. Bedarev. - M., 1991.

additional literature

13 Turevsky I.S. Occupational safety in road transport: study guide / I.S. Turevsky. - M., 2009.

14 Novochikhina L.I. Handbook of technical drawing / L.I. Novichikhin. - Mn., 2004.

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COURSE WORK

discipline: "Maintenance and repair of machines"

Project topic: "Organization of maintenance and repair of tractors with the development dismantling and washing area»

1. Initial data

4. Determination of the annual workshop load plan

5.1 Determining the labor intensity of repair work on the workshop site

5.4 Calculation of the plot area

5.7 Calculation of area heating

8. Environmental protection

Conclusion

Literature

1. INITIAL DATA

Table 1.1. - Number of tractors

Developed area of ​​the repair shop: Tire.

Determine the cost of TO-2 tractor K-700

2. DETERMINATION OF SCHEDULED REPAIRS AND NUMBER MAINTENANCE OF TRACTORS

2.1 Determining the number of scheduled repairs and numbered maintenance graphically for tractors

Table 2.1.- Operating hours of tractors by quarters of the year

To determine scheduled repairs and numbered maintenance graphically, additional clarifications are needed on the state of each tractor at the beginning of the planned year.

The schedule for determining the amount of maintenance and repair of tractors is carried out on graph paper. The horizontal axis indicates the months or quarters of the year. On the vertical axis - in a certain sequence, numbered maintenance and overhaul of tractors, as well as operating time in standard ha for each brand of tractor.

The graph is built as follows:

1) On the vertical axis, on the selected scale, the operation of the tractor is postponed from the beginning of operation or the last major overhaul (table (2.2.). Further, at the end of the first quarter, the sum of the operating time of the tractor from the beginning of operation and the operating time in the first quarter is plotted. The obtained points are connected by a line. In the second quarter, the planned operating time of the second quarter and the operating time at the end of the first quarter, etc. for all quarters until the end of the year are summed up.

2) To determine the KR and TO of tractors, conditionally draw horizontal lines from the types, TO on the vertical axis and find the points of intersection of this line with the tractor loading schedule. A conventional sign is placed at the intersection site, which corresponds to this type of maintenance.

Based on the results of the construction, table 2.3 is compiled.

Table 2.3.- Yearly maintenance plan for tractors

3. DETERMINATION OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR COURSE

3.1 Determination of the labor intensity of maintenance and tractors

The total labor intensity is determined using the standard specific labor intensity of tractors. For tractors, the labor intensity of TR is the sum of the labor intensity of current repairs and the labor intensity of eliminating failures.

The approximate annual labor intensity of eliminating failures of all tractors of the same brand is determined by the formula:

Tuo = tuo * ntr, man-hours (one)

where, tu is the average annual labor intensity of eliminating failures of tractors of a particular brand, man-hours;

ntr - the number of tractors of this brand, pcs.

The total annual labor intensity of current repairs of tractors is determined by the formula:

Ttr = 0.001 * Bp * ttr x ntr, man-hours (2)

ttr - normative specific labor intensity TR of tractors, per 1000 standard et.ha

Table 3.1.- Normative data on TR tractors

For tractors T-150 K:

Tuo \u003d 19.1 * 2 \u003d 38.2 man.h.

Ttr \u003d 0.001 * 1500 * 76 * 2 \u003d 228 man.h.

For tractors DT-75 MV:

Tuo \u003d 19.4 * 11 \u003d 213.4 man.h.

Ttr \u003d 0.001 * 1400 * 110 * 11 \u003d 1694 man.h.

For MTZ-80 tractors:

Tuo \u003d 17.4 * 7 \u003d 121.8 man.h.

Ttr \u003d 0.001 * 800 * 97 * 7 \u003d 543.2 man.h.

4. DETERMINING THE ANNUAL WORKSHOP LOAD PLAN

When drawing up an annual plan for repair and maintenance work, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the maintenance of tractors is planned according to an annual schedule throughout the year as the operating time. Choose the timing for setting up repairs so that the tractors at this time are the least loaded.

For tractors T-150 K, DT-75 MV, MTZ-80, the number of licensed maintenance by quarters of the year is distributed in proportion to the load of these machines (see Table 2.3)

Seasonal maintenance is planned for one for each tractor in the second and fourth quarters.

The annual maintenance plan is presented in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1.- Annual maintenance plan

Table 4.2.- Plan for loading the central repair shop of the economy

In addition to the main work of the central repair shop, additional work is also carried out. The labor intensity of additional work is determined as a percentage of the total labor intensity of the main work in the workshop. These percentages are as follows:

1. Repair of equipment in the workshop from 5% to 8%, accept 8%;

2. Repair and manufacture of fixtures and tools from 0.5% to 1%, we accept 1%;

3. Manufacture and repair of parts in the spare parts fund from 3% to 5%, we accept 5%;

4. Other unscheduled work from 10% to 12%, we accept 12%.

Then Tob \u003d 0.08 * 3637.7 \u003d 291 people.h

Type=0.01*3637.7=36.38 man-hours

Tz=0.05*3637.7=181.9 man.h

Tpr \u003d 0.12 * 3637.7 \u003d 436.5 man.h

5. CALCULATION OF THE TIRE SITE

The development of the production site of the workshop includes several stages and directions. This includes: determining the number of posts, equipment, required area, calculation of lighting, ventilation, heating. One of the first steps is to determine the number of workers. This is necessary for the subsequent selection of equipment, because, without knowing the number of workers, it is impossible to say how many workbenches, assembly tables, machines, etc. are needed.

5.1. Determination of the labor intensity of repair work on the workshop site

The complexity of repair work on the site is determined as a percentage of the total labor intensity of the work. The complexity of this type of work on the site is determined by the form:

Cloud = Тtotal * x, pers.h. (4)

where, Ttot - the total labor intensity of the repair work of the workshop performed for this type of work per person.

x is the percentage coefficient of labor intensity of work in the workshop area.

Cloud = 4583.48 * 0.08 = 366.7

5.2 Calculation of the number of workers on the site

The number of workers employed in production is determined by the complexity of the repair work performed on the site.

where, Tuch - the complexity of repair work on the site, people. h.

Fdr - actual working time fund, h.

With a six-day working week with a shortened pre-holiday and pre-weekend day, the actual time fund will be:

Fdr \u003d (dk - dv - dp - do) * f * z - (dpv + dpp), h, (6)

where, dk, dv, dp, do, dpp - the number of calendar days, days off, holiday holidays, pre-weekend, pre-holiday days, respectively, days,

f - The duration of the work shift, h.

z - coefficient of use of working time.

Fdr \u003d (365 - 52 - 15 - 24) * 7 * 0.95 - (53 + 3) \u003d 1767.1 h

We accept P = 1 people.

5.3 Calculation and selection of equipment

The main technical equipment is determined by the complexity of the repair work performed on the site:

where, Fob is the real time fund.

The actual time fund of the equipment is determined by the formula:

Fob \u003d (dk - dv - dp) * f * zob - (dpv + dpp), (8)

where, zob - equipment utilization factor, zob = 0.96

Fob \u003d (365 - 52 - 15) * 7 * 0.95 - (53 + 3) \u003d 1947.5 hours

We accept N = 1 pcs.

The rest of the auxiliary equipment is selected from the list of the main equipment of repair shops according to a standard design.

We enter all data in table 5.2.

Table 5.2.- List of the main equipment of the dismantling and washing area

5.4 Calculation of the plot area

The area of ​​the site is calculated using the coefficient of the working area, which takes into account the convenience of work and aisles at workplaces. The area of ​​the plot is calculated by the formula:

Fuch \u003d Fob * k, m2, (9)

where, Fob is the area occupied by the equipment, m2

k - coefficient of the working area,

Fuch \u003d 35.76 * 3.5 \u003d 125.16 m2

We accept 125 m2

5.5 Calculation of ventilation in the area

repair maintenance tractor site

In all production areas of the repair shop, natural ventilation is adopted, and in some workshops and departments, artificial ventilation. The calculation of natural ventilation is reduced to determining the area of ​​transoms or vents, we take 2 - 4% of the floor area.

Table 5.3

5.6 Calculation of lighting on the site

Determine the required number of windows and lamps in the room.

Windows area, m2

Fo = Fn * d, (10)

where, Fn - floor area of ​​the room, m2

d - coefficient of natural light, even 0.25 - 0.35

Fo = 125 * 0.3 = 37.5 m2

Window height in meters:

ho = h - (h1 + h2), (11)

where, h is the height of the room, m

h1 - height from floor to window sill,

h2 - distance from the table to the ceiling, h2 = 0.5 m

ho \u003d 7 - (1.2 + 0.5) \u003d 5.3 m

Reduced window width, m

Knowing the width of the window in meters from the building design standards, find the number of the window, B = 4.05 m.

Accept 1 window

The calculation of artificial lighting is reduced to determining the required number of lamps.

where, Fsp is the luminous flux required to illuminate the area, ln

Fl - luminous flux of one electric lamp, ln

Luminous flux on the site:

where, Fp - floor area of ​​the site, m2

E - Norm of artificial lighting, ln, E = 75 - 100 ln.

Kz - illuminance safety factor, for incandescent lamps - 1.3;

Kp - coefficient of use of the luminous flux, depending on the type of lamp, the size of the room, the color of the walls and ceiling,

(Kp = 0.4 - 0.5)

Accepts 12 lamps of 200 W

5.7 Calculation of area heating

Number of heating devices on the site:

where, Vn is the volume of the building according to the external measurement, m3

qo and qv - specific heat consumption for heating and ventilation at a difference of internal and external temperatures of 1 0С,

qo \u003d 1.88 - 2.3, qv \u003d 0.62-1.04

tv - internal temperature of the room, 18 0С

tn - minimum outdoor temperature during the heating season, tn = -30 0C

F1 - heating surface area of ​​one heating device, m2 (for finned tubes 4m2)

Kn - heat transfer coefficient,

tav - the average design temperature of the water in the device, equal to - 80 0С

We accept 8 heaters.

6. CALCULATION OF THE PLANNED COST OF A REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE IMPACT UNIT

The cost of TO-2 K-700 made in the workshop is determined by the formula:

C \u003d Zo + Zd + Nsf + Mr + Rt + Zch + Zst + Nrc + Nrz + Hnv, rub, (17)

where, Zo - the basic wages of workers, rub

Zd - additional wages, rub

NSF - accruals to social funds, rub

Mr - the cost of repair materials, rub

RT - costs for technical fuel, rub

Zch - the cost of spare parts, rub

Zst - costs incurred on the side, rub

NRC - overhead general production costs, rub

Nrz - overhead general business expenses, rub

Nvn - overhead non-production costs, rub

For jobs with difficult and harmful working conditions, tariff rates increase by 12%.

Bonus rates of 40% of the basic salary should be considered mandatory when working without violating labor discipline, high quality work and performing shift assignments.

Additional salary from the basic is 15%.

Contributions to social funds from the basic and additional wages are:

Pension fund - 28%

Social insurance - 5.4%

Health insurance - 3.6%

Employment Fund - 1.5%

General production overheads from salaries with accruals are approximately 11%, general business - 36%, non-production - 0%, planned savings from the total cost of 16%. The coefficient of conversion of prices for spare parts and repair materials from the prices of 1990 increases by 20 times.

We determine the cost of one repair and maintenance impact TO-3 T-150 K. The basic salary of production workers is determined by the formula:

Zo \u003d tto * Wed, rub (18)

where, tto is the complexity of maintenance of TO-2 K-700;

Ср - hourly tariff rate of a worker, rub/h

tto = 11.6 man-hours

Zo \u003d 11.6 * 30 \u003d 348 rubles

Additional salary:

Zd \u003d Zo * 0.15 \u003d 341 * 0.15 \u003d 52.2 rubles (19)

Accruals to social funds:

Nsf \u003d (Zo + Zd) * (0.28 + 0.054 + 0.036 + 0.015) \u003d (348 + 52.2) * 0.385 \u003d 154.1 rubles (20)

Repair material costs:

Mr \u003d 20 * Cm \u003d 20 * 23.3 \u003d 466 rubles (21)

where, Cm - the cost of spare parts and repair materials in 1990 prices for TO-2 K-700, rub

General production overhead

Nrc \u003d (Zo + Zd + Nsf) * 0.11 \u003d (348 + 52.2 + 154.1) * 0.11 \u003d 60.9 rubles

Overhead general expenses

Hrz \u003d (Zo + Zd + Hsf) * 0.36 \u003d (348 + 52.2 + 154.1) * 0.36 \u003d 188.5 rubles

Full cost:

C \u003d 348 + 52.2 + 154.1 + 466 + 60.9 + 188.5 \u003d 1269.7 rubles

The sale price includes planned savings if the tractor of an outside customer:

C \u003d 1.16 * C \u003d 1.16 * 1269.7 \u003d 1472.9 rubles (22)

In addition, there is a VAT tax, which is 18%:

TsTO2 \u003d 1.18 * C \u003d 1.18 * 1472.9 \u003d 1738 rubles (23)

7. HEALTH AND SAFETY

1. Workers entering the tire repair shops of repair enterprises should be instructed on general rules safety precautions, briefing at the workplace, as well as to acquire practical skills for the safe performance of work and pass a test of acquired knowledge and skills.

In addition, those who maintain vulcanizers and other pressure installations must be familiar with the Rules for Personnel Servicing Pressure Vessels.

The results of the knowledge test should be recorded in a special journal.

2. The worker must perform only those operations that are entrusted to him by the foreman or the head of the shop.

3. Before starting work, the worker must put on the overalls established for this type of work, safety shoes, headgear and, if necessary, protective devices. Clothing must be fastened with all buttons.

4. The worker, starting work, must check the presence and serviceability of protective fences, devices, as well as the reliability of the fastening of the grounding conductors.

5. Loads weighing more than 20 kg are only allowed to be lifted by lifting mechanisms using special grips. The load must be lifted vertically.

6. The worker is prohibited from:

A) touch the wiring and housings of operating electric motors;

B) stand under the load and in the way of its movement;

C) smoke in workshops at workers and other places where flammable materials and gases are used and stored. Smoking is allowed only in designated areas.

7. When transferring to another work site using new equipment, the worker is obliged to familiarize himself with its design, methods of safe work on it and must undergo additional safety training.

8. The worker is obliged to keep the workplace clean and tidy, not to clutter up the aisles and driveways, to lay the workpieces and products in the designated places, to inform the foreman about all noticed equipment malfunctions.

9. All workers are required to know the rules and techniques of first aid and, in case of an accident, provide it to the victim.

Report an accident to the foreman or shop manager immediately.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

A system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, air of dwellings, water, soil. O. o. With. provides for the conservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impacts of human activities on nature and human health.

Under the conditions of scientific and technological progress and the intensification of industrial production, the problems of O. o. With. have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. For many years, the processes of environmental degradation were reversible. affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena have begun to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, global problem. All developed states defined O. o. With. one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.

They are as follows: identification and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that adversely affect the health and performance of the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment in order to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development effective programs prevention of possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment.

CONCLUSION

In the course project, a plan was drawn up for repairs and numbered maintenance of tractors. The complexity of maintenance and repair of tractors was determined, the annual load plan for the workshop was calculated. A plan for the welding and surfacing section was drawn up. Calculations were made for the selection of equipment, site area, ventilation, artificial lighting and heating.

Issues on labor protection and TB, and environmental protection were considered.

LITERATURE

1. Kurchatkin V.V., Taratorkin V.M., Batishchev A.N. etc. Maintenance and repair of machines in agriculture. - M .: Academy, 2008

2. Puchin E.A., Kushnarev L.I., Petrishchev L.N. etc. Maintenance and repair of tractors. - M .: Academy, 2008

3. Gladkov G.I., Petrenko A.M. Tractors: Device and maintenance. - M .: Academy, 2008

4. Design of technical service enterprises. Ed. Puchina E.A. - M.: KolosS, 2010

5. Economics of technical service at enterprises. Ed. Konkina Yu.A. - M.: KolosS, 2010

6. Zangiev A.A., Shpilko A.V., Levshin A.G. Operation of the machine and tractor fleet. - M .: KolosS, 2010

7. Shkrabak V.S., Lukovnikov A.V., Turgiev A.K. Life safety in agricultural production. - M .: KolosS, 2007

8. Machine repair technology. Ed. E.A. Abyss. - M.: KolosS, 2007

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