Names of car parts. What is a car made of? The main parts of the car and their purpose

This dictionary is useful for novice motorists and drivers with experience. In it you will find information about the main components of the car and their brief definition.

Automobile dictionary

BATTERY- a device for the accumulation of energy for the purpose of its subsequent use. The battery converts electrical energy into chemical energy and, as needed, provides the reverse conversion; used as an autonomous source of electricity in cars.

ACCELERATOR(pedal "gas") - quantity regulator combustible mixture entering the engine cylinders internal combustion. Designed to change the engine speed.

SHOCK ABSORBER- a device for mitigating shocks in the suspension of cars. The shock absorber uses springs, torsion bars, rubber elements, as well as liquids and gases.

BUMPER- energy-absorbing device of the car (in case of a light impact), located in front and behind.

AIR FILTER- serves for cleaning from dust (treatment) of the air used in engines.

GENERATOR- a device that generates electrical energy or creates electromagnetic oscillations and impulses.

MAIN GEAR- the gear mechanism of the transmission of automobiles, which serves to transmit and increase torque from cardan shaft to the drive wheels, and therefore to increase traction.

ENGINE internal combustion - a source of mechanical energy necessary for the movement of the car. In a classic engine, the thermal energy obtained from the combustion of fuel in its cylinders is converted into mechanical work. There are petrol and diesel engines.

DETONATION- observed in internal combustion engines with spark ignition and occurs as a result of the formation and accumulation of organic peroxides in the fuel charge. If this reaches a certain critical concentration, then detonation occurs, characterized by an unusually high speed of flame propagation and the appearance of shock waves. Detonation is manifested in metal "knocks", smoky exhaust and engine overheating and leads to burning of rings, pistons and valves, destruction of bearings, loss of engine power.

DIFFERENTIAL- ensures the rotation of the driving wheels with different relative speeds when passing curved sections of the track.

JET- a calibrated orifice for dosing fuel or air supply. In the technical literature, jets are called carburetor parts with calibrated holes. There are jets: fuel, air, main, compensation, idle move. Jets are evaluated by their throughput (performance), i.e., the amount of liquid that can pass through a calibrated hole per unit time; the flow rate is expressed in cm3/min.

CARBURETOR- a device for preparing a combustible mixture of fuel and air for feeding carburetor engines internal combustion. The fuel in the carburetor is sprayed, mixed with air, and then fed into the cylinders.

CARDAN MECHANISM- a hinged mechanism that ensures the rotation of two shafts at a variable angle due to the movable connection of the links (rigid) or the elastic properties of special elements (elastic). The series connection of two cardan mechanisms is called cardan transmission.

CARTER- a fixed part of the engine, usually box-shaped to support the working parts and protect them from contamination. The lower part of the crankcase (sump) is a reservoir for lubricating oil.

CRANKSHAFT- rotating link crank mechanism; used in piston engines. In piston engines, the number of crankshafts is usually equal to the number of cylinders; the location of the knees depends on the operating cycle, the conditions for balancing the machines and the location of the cylinders.

TRANSMISSION- a multi-link mechanism in which a step change in the gear ratio is carried out when switching gears located in a separate housing.

COLLECTOR- name of some technical devices(for example, the exhaust and intake manifold of an internal combustion engine).

LUFT- the gap between the parts of the machine, any device.

MANOMETER- a device for measuring the pressure of liquids and gases.

OIL FILTER- a device for cleaning oil from contaminating mechanical particles, resins and other impurities. Oil filter are installed in lubrication systems of internal combustion engines.

TORQUE- can be determined directly in kgfcm using a torque wrench with a measuring range up to 147 Ncm (15 kgfcm).

SUSPENSION- a system of mechanisms and parts for connecting the wheels to the machine body, designed to reduce dynamic loads and ensure their uniform distribution to the supporting elements during movement. Automotive suspension design is dependent and independent.

BEARING- support for the trunnion of a shaft or a rotating axis. There are rolling bearings (inner and outer rings, between which the rolling elements are balls or rollers) and sliding bearings (insert bushing inserted into the machine body).

FUSE- the simplest device for protecting electrical circuits and consumers of electrical energy from overloads and short circuit currents. The fuse consists of one or more fuse links, an insulating body and terminals for connecting the fuse link to an electrical circuit.

TREAD- a thick layer of rubber on the outer part of the pneumatic tire with grooves and ridges that increase the grip of the tire with the road surface.

RADIATOR- a device for removing heat from the liquid circulating in the engine cooling system.

camber- makes it easier to turn the wheels and unloads the external bearings.

DISTRIBUTOR- a device of the ignition system of carburetor internal combustion engines, designed to supply high voltage electric current to spark plugs.

CAMSHAFT- has cams that, when the shaft rotates, interact with the pushers and ensure that the machine (engine) performs operations (processes) according to a given cycle.

REDUCER- gear (worm) or hydraulic transmission, designed to change the angular velocities and torques.

RELAY- a device for automatic switching of electrical circuits by a signal from outside. There are thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical, acoustic relays. Relays are used in automatic control, monitoring, signaling, protection, switching systems.

STUFFING BOX- a seal used in machine joints to seal gaps between rotating and stationary parts.

SPARK PLUG- a device for igniting the working mixture in the cylinders of an internal combustion engine with a spark formed between its electrodes.

STARTER- the main unit of the engine, spinning its shaft to the speed necessary to start it.

HUB- the central, usually thickened part of the wheel. It has a hole for an axle or shaft, connected to the wheel rim with spokes or a disk.

CLUTCH- a mechanism for transmitting torque from an internal combustion engine to a gearbox. The clutch provides a short-term separation of the engine shaft and the transmission shaft, bumpless gear shifting and smooth starting of the car.

TACHOMETER- a device for measuring the speed of the crankshaft of the engine.

BRAKING DISTANCES- the distance traveled by the vehicle from the moment of actuation braking device to a complete stop. The total stopping distance also includes the distance traveled from the moment the driver perceives the need to brake until the brake controls are actuated.

TRAMBLER- ignition distributor-breaker, a device of the ignition system of carburetor internal combustion engines, designed to supply high voltage electric current to spark plugs.

TRANSMISSION- a device or system for transmitting rotation from the engine to working mechanisms (to the wheels of a car).

TIRE- a rubber sheath with a protector, put on the rim of a car wheel. Provides grip of the wheels with the road, softens shocks and shocks.

ECONOMIZER- a device in the carburetor for enriching the combustible mixture when fully opened throttle valve or positions close to it.

There are drivers who drive their cars, but do not know at all what the car consists of. It may not be necessary to know all the subtleties of the complex operation of the mechanism, but the main points should still be known to everyone. After all, the life of both the driver himself and other people can depend on this. At its core, the simplified consist of three parts:

• engine;
• chassis;
• body.

In the article, we will take a closer look at what parts the car consists of and how they affect the operation of the vehicle as a whole.

What does a car consist of: diagram

The device of the car can be represented as follows.

In the vast majority of cases, internal combustion engines are installed on the machines. Since they are not ideal, developments have been and are being made to invent new motors. So, recently, cars with electric motors have been put into operation, for charging which a conventional socket is enough. The Tesla electric car is very famous. However, it is certainly too early to talk about the wide distribution of such machines.

The chassis, in turn, consists of:

• transmission or power transmission;
• running;
• vehicle control mechanism.

The body is designed to accommodate passengers in the car and comfortable movement. The main body types today are:

• sedan;
• hatchback;
• cabriolet;
• station wagon;
• limousine;
• other.

ICE: types

Any person understands that malfunctions in the operation of the motor can become dangerous to the health and life of people. Therefore, it is vital to know what is

Translated from Latin, motor means "setting in motion." In a car, it is understood as a device that is designed to convert one type of energy into mechanical energy.

Gas engines operate on liquefied, generator compressed gas. Such fuel is stored in cylinders, from where it enters the reducer through the evaporator and loses pressure. The further process is similar to the injection motor. Sometimes, however, the evaporator is not used.

Motor operation

To better understand the principle of operation, you need to analyze in detail what it consists of

The body is a cylinder block. Inside it are channels that cool and lubricate the motor.

The piston is nothing more than a hollow metal cup, at the top of which are the grooves of the rings.

The piston rings located at the bottom are oil scraper, and at the top - compression. The latter provide good compression and compression of the air-fuel mixture. They are used both to achieve the tightness of the combustion chamber, and as seals to prevent oil from entering there.

The crank mechanism is responsible for the reciprocating energy of the pistons on the crankshaft.

So, understanding what a car consists of, in particular, its engine, let's look at the principle of operation. The fuel first enters the combustion chamber, mixes with air there, the spark plug (in petrol and gas versions) produces a spark, igniting the mixture, or the mixture ignites itself (in diesel version) under the influence of pressure and temperature. The gases formed cause the piston to move down, transmitting motion to the crankshaft, due to which it begins to rotate the transmission, where the motion is transmitted to the wheels of the front axle, rear axle, or both at once, depending on the drive. A little later, we will touch on what the wheel of a car consists of. But first things first.

Transmission

Above, we found out what the car consists of, and we know that the chassis includes a transmission, chassis and control mechanism.

The following elements are distinguished in the transmission:

• clutch;
• main and cardan gears;
• differential;
• drive shafts.

Operation of transmission parts

The clutch serves to disconnect (KP) from the engine, then smoothly connect them when shifting gears and when starting off.

The gearbox changes the torque transmitted from the crankshaft to the driveshaft. The gearbox block disconnects the connection of the motor with the driveline as much as necessary for the vehicle to move in reverse.

The main function of the cardan transmission is the transmission of torque from the gearbox to the main gear at different angles.

main function main gear is the transmission of torque at a ninety degree angle from the propeller shaft through the differential to the drive shafts of the main wheels.

The differential rotates the drive wheels at different speeds when cornering and on uneven ground.

Chassis

The chassis of the car consists of a frame, front and rear axles, connected to the frame through the suspension. In most modern cars the frame is the elements that make up the suspension of the car, the following:

• springs;
• cylinder springs;
• shock absorbers;
• pneumatic cylinders.

Control mechanisms

These devices consist of which is connected to the front wheels by steering and brakes. Most modern cars use on-board computers, themselves controlling the management in some cases, and even making the necessary changes.

Here we note such an important part as what the car wheel consists of. Without him, the car would simply not take place. This truly one of the greatest inventions here consists of two components: a tire made of rubber, which can be chambered and tubeless, and a metal disk.

Body

In most cars today, the body is a carrier, which consists of individual elements connected by welding. Bodies today are very diverse. The main one is the closed type, which has one, two, three, and sometimes even four rows of seats. Part or even the entire roof can be removed. It is either hard or soft.

If the roof is removed in the middle, then this is a targa body.

A fully removable soft top is obtained in a convertible.

If it is not soft, but hard, then this is a hardtop convertible.

On the station wagon, similar to the sedan, there is some extension above the luggage compartment, which is a distinguishing feature.

And the van will turn out already from the station wagon if the rear doors and windows are sealed.

With a cargo platform behind the driver's cab, the body is called a pickup truck.

A coupe is a two-door closed body.

The same, but with a soft top, was called a roadster.

Cargo-passenger body with back door the back is called a combi.

A limousine is a closed type with a rigid partition behind the front seats.

From the article, we found out what the car consists of. The correct operation of all components is important, and it is better understood and felt when there is appropriate knowledge.

The invention of the automobile has fundamentally changed human life, both positively and negatively. Today, a car is not only a means of transportation, but also an indicator of status and position in society.

Almost every family has at least one car at its disposal, and there are cities where there have long been more cars than people.

In order to understand how to drive a vehicle and how to properly operate it, you need to know at least what it consists of and how it works. Each car owner has repeatedly been interested in the device of his iron horse. For some, basic knowledge is enough, and some prefer to study every detail of the car. Of course, in order to cover all the nuances of a car device, you will need to at least write a book, but in order to understand the basics and know the elementary, it is enough to read this article.

Perhaps for someone the device of a car is the highest mathematics, but if you spend a little time and delve into the essence, everything is quite simple. Now about everything in order.

1.Main units and systems

Although today there are many different brands and car models, almost all of them are arranged according to the same principle. It's about cars vehicles. The scheme of the device of the car is conditionally divided into several parts:

Vehicle body or supporting structure. Today, the car body is its basis, to which almost all units and components are attached. The body, in turn, consists of a stamped bottom, front and rear spars, roof, engine compartment and other attachments. Attached components include doors, fenders, hood, trunk lid, etc. This division is rather arbitrary, since all parts of the car, one way or another, are interconnected;

Chassis of the car. The name speaks for itself and suggests that chassis consists of many components and assemblies with the help of which the car has the ability to move. Its main components are considered to be the anterior and rear suspension, drive axles and wheels. Also, the chassis of the car includes the frame, to which most of the units are also attached. The frame is the predecessor of the body.

With the help of drive axles, the load is transferred from the frame or body to wheels and vice versa. When it comes to suspension, many cars have MacPherson strut type suspension, which greatly improves the handling of the car. There are also independent (each wheel is individually attached to the body) and dependent (may be in the form of a beam or a drive axle, considered obsolete) suspension;

Vehicle transmission. Under the transmission of a car, it is customary to consider a power transmission. Its main task is to transmit torque from the crankshaft to the drive wheels. In turn, the transmission also consists of several parts, in particular from the gearbox, clutch, driveline, differential, axle shafts and final drive. The latter are connected to the wheel hubs;

Car engine. The main task and purpose of the engine is the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy. Further, this energy is transmitted through the transmission to the wheels of the car;

control mechanism. In fact, the control mechanism itself consists of brake system and steering;

Vehicle electrical equipment. No modern car can do without electrics, the main parts of which are the battery, electrical wiring, alternator and engine management system. These are only the main parts of the car, each of which provides a system in the system and sometimes more than one. Some parts are worth dwelling on in more detail.

2. Brief overview of motor types

First of all, it is worth noting that the engine and the motor are one and the same. A motor is more commonly referred to as an internal combustion engine or an electric one. It is no secret that the engine serves as a source of energy for the movement of the vehicle. Most vehicles provide internal combustion engines, which can be conditionally divided into:

Piston, in which expanding gases during the combustion of fuel cause the piston to move, which in turn drives the crankshaft of the car;

V rotary engines the same gases set in motion a rotating part, the rotor itself.

Going deeper, there are a large number of types and subtypes of engines. According to the type of fuel, engines can be divided into diesel, gasoline, gas-balloon and gas-generator.

Also have gas turbine engines internal combustion, electric, orbital, rotary, rotary vane, etc. Today, the most common is piston engine internal combustion.

3. A brief overview of the types of checkpoints

The gearbox or gearbox is one of the main parts of the car's transmission.. Basically, the checkpoint is usually divided into three types, namely:

Manual Transmission. The principle of its operation is that the driver shifts gears with the help of a lever, while constantly monitoring the engine load and vehicle speed;

The automatic transmission eliminates the need to constantly monitor speed and load, and there is also no need to constantly use the lever;

A robotic gearbox is a semi-automatic type of gearbox that combines the properties of mechanical and automatic box gears.

In fact, there are many more types and subspecies of checkpoints. Yes, they distinguish Tiptronic(the foundation - automatic transmission with manual speed switch) DSG(equipped with 2 clutches, has automatic drive switching and is a 6-speed gearbox) and variable speed drive(stepless transmission).

4. Brake system

As the name implies, the braking system is designed to slow down the vehicle or bring it to a complete stop. The brake system consists of brake pads, discs, drums and cylinders. Conventionally, the brake system can be divided into two types - it is working (designed to stop or slow down completely) and parking (designed to keep the car on uneven or difficult road surfaces).

Modern cars provide for the installation of braking systems, which consist of brake mechanisms and hydraulic drive. At the time you click on brake pedal, hydraulic drive there is excess pressure, which arises due to brake fluid. This, in turn, triggers other brake mechanisms.

5. Clutch

If to speak in simple words, the clutch is designed to disconnect the engine from the transmission for a short time, and then reconnect them. The clutch consists of a clutch mechanism and a drive. The drive is designed to transfer forces from the driver to a specific mechanism. In a car, each mechanism has its own drive, thanks to which it comes into action.

The clutch mechanism is a device in which the process of transmitting torque through friction takes place. The components of the clutch mechanism are the crankcase, casing, driving, driven and pressure disks.

All of the above is just the tip of the iceberg, since each of the items contains more than a dozen sub-items. For a general understanding of the device of the car, it is quite enough to know its main components and assemblies. Now you know exactly how and why your car moves, slows down and "eats" gasoline.

The automotive industry does not stand still, and is constantly improving, in connection with this, there is a constant change in the components of vehicles, nevertheless, the basic components and assemblies remain unchanged:

• Body;
• Salon with various functions and options.

Engines are divided into several types, this division is made according to the type of fuel used during operation. Engines are diesel, gasoline, gas and combined. The composition of all engines is almost the same, it consists of the following components:

• block of cylinders.
• cylinder head, which includes camshaft and valve.
• Crank mechanism, which includes a crankshaft, piston and connecting rod.
• The cooling system, which includes a water pump, radiator, fan, temperature sensor, expansion tank, thermostat and system pipes.
• Lubrication system consisting of an oil pump, an oil intake, a filter element and an emergency pressure sensor, an oil level sensor.
• The power system is partly related to the engine, consists of fuel pump, fuel injectors or carburetor, throttle assembly.
• Electronic control, includes an engine control unit and a diverse set of sensors responsible for the operation of an internal combustion engine.

The principle of operation is to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy. The air-fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber through the intake valve, by vacuum created by the piston into the cylinder. Then the mixture is compressed due to the upward movement of the piston with the valves closed.

At the moment of critical compression, a spark is supplied that ignites the mixture and causes the piston to move down, then the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust gases enter the exhaust manifold. Work diesel engine slightly different, where ignition occurs with strong compression without a spark.

Also in recent years, hybrid engines and electric motors are becoming more common. The hybrid version uses an internal combustion engine to turn a generator and the wheels are driven by an electric motor. The main difference is the presence batteries. Electric vehicles are driven by an electric motor and the energy comes from batteries.

The transmission also has several versions depending on the drive of the vehicle.

The transmission of a car with front-wheel drive includes a gearbox and a drive with constant velocity joints.

The gearbox also has options such as:

• automatic;
• Variable speed drive;
• Mechanical;
• Robot.

The transmission of a rear-wheel drive vehicle additionally includes a cardan gear and a rear axle or gearbox. In the bridge, the implementation of torque transmission is organized by semi-axes, and in gearbox versions, also by constant velocity joints.

Transmission all-wheel drive vehicle also has options:

1. Gearbox, cardan gears, transfer case gear and front and rear axles car.
2. Gearbox, drivelines, bevel gear, rear axle gear, and constant velocity joints.

It should be noted that there are also mixed options for the implementation of all-wheel drive.

The transmission transmits torque from the internal combustion engine to the wheels of the car.

Has many variations:

• Sedan;
• Coupe;
• Wagon;
• hatchback;
• liftback;
• Cabriolet;

And many more variations without taking into account commercial transport. The car body plays one of the most important roles in the safety of the driver and passengers, as well as an important component of the body are its aerodynamic properties, which can reduce fuel consumption and increase speed indicators. The structure of the body includes such parts as: doors, trunk lid, hood, bumpers, windows, seals, body base with side panels, fenders and roof.

Car interior or comfort zone

The interior of a modern car has a high level of comfort, due to many car systems. The air conditioning device ensures the creation of a comfortable microclimate in the car, regardless of the weather outside. On some models of vehicles, a multi-zone climate control is installed, which organizes a microclimate for each individual passenger.

The seats of the car began to have many adjustments, so that any driver or passenger can adjust the seats for themselves for a comfortable fit. And also in the seats there are functions of heating, cooling and even massage. Many cars are currently equipped with light and rain sensors, which undoubtedly creates comfort for the driver.

And don't forget about auxiliary systems: parking radar, surveillance cameras around the perimeter of the car, parking assistant. Multimedia devices allow not only listening to audio files, but also watching videos and have Internet access, many systems have bluetooth installed, which allows you to communicate by phone using multimedia without being distracted from driving.

Modern cars are completely shrouded in electronics, from the engine control unit to tire pressure sensors. The engine and other functions are controlled programmatically using the ECU ( electronic block management).

The brake system is controlled by means of sensors and the ABS control unit. And also by means of electronics, the anti-slip function is controlled. On the modern car almost 90% of the elements are connected to electronics.

The rear suspension of the car is divided into dependent suspension and independent. dependent suspension implemented beam, shock absorbers, springs. There are variants of springs instead of springs or air bellows. An independent suspension consists of a semi-frame with levers, such a suspension is softer and more comfortable, unlike a dependent suspension.

The front suspension also has wishbones, steering knuckles, stabilizer, shock absorbers and springs or options. On SUVs, you can find a torsion bar suspension. The difference between such a suspension is the use of a torsion bar instead of springs.

The steering consists of a rack and pinion connected to the steering wheel by means of steering cardan gears, power steering (hydraulic drive or electric drive). The hydraulic booster is powered by hydraulic oil pumped into the steering rack, the electric booster is organized by an electric motor mounted directly on the steering gear.

These systems are distinguished by the principle of operation of hydraulic and air brake systems. The air system in most cases is implemented on cargo vehicles and works due to air pressure pumped into the cylinders by a compressor.

The hydraulic brake system consists of a master brake cylinder with a vacuum booster, working brake cylinders, brake discs or drums, brake shoes, and a parking brake system. The operation of this system consists in transferring a portion of the brake fluid to the workers. brake cylinders, resulting in an effect on brake pads, which stop the disk and, accordingly, the vehicle.

These are only the main systems of the car and do not forget that any type of transport is a technically complex structure, consisting of many systems interacting with each other.

Each machine consists of at least three constituent parts: engine, transmission and executive mechanism. For example, drilling the machine consists of an electric motor, a V-belt mechanism for transmitting movement and changing the speed of the spindle, an actuator - spindle. The spindle performs directly drilling with a drill fixed in a chuck.

There may be other mechanisms in machines: feed, management, control and regulation, sorting,transportation, packaging.

Motion transmission mechanisms may consist of gears, belt drives with pulleys, gears and racks. In table. 3 shows some gear mechanisms and their conventional graphic designations on kinematic diagrams.

gear mechanisms can have cylindrical and bevel gears. The smaller diameter of the two meshed gears is commonly referred to asgear.

Belt drives transmit rotation from one pulley to another with flat or V-belts.

You got acquainted with the device of such a transmission in the 5th grade when studying a drilling machine.

chain drives transmit rotation from one sprocket to another using a chain, for example, from a pedal sprocket to a bicycle rear wheel sprocket.

If in belt and chain drives, pulleys and sprockets rotate in the same direction (clockwise or counterclockwise), then in gear drives, two interconnected wheels rotate in different directions.

Gears, pulleys, sprockets are called links mechanisms and machines.

The fixed link of a mechanism or machine is called rack. These are beds, housings, shaft supports.

One of the links that transmits movement to another is called leading. And the link that receives movement from the leading link is called slave. For example, a bicycle sprocket that is pedaled is called a drive sprocket, and a rear wheel sprocket is called a driven sprocket.

If gear, belt and chain transmissions transmit rotational motion from one link to another, then rack and pinion converts the rotary motion of the gear into the translational motion of the rack, or vice versa.

Due to the fact that the diameters of gears, pulleys and sprockets in gears are usually not the same, the driven wheel rotates at a different speed than the drive one. The ratio of the rotational speed of the driving link to the rotational speed of the driven link (or diameter

driven wheel to drive wheel diameter) is referred to as gear ratio i.

i = n 1/ n 2 = D 2 / D 1 ,

where n 1- frequency of rotation of the drive wheel (rpm, i.e. min -1); n 2 - frequency of rotation of the driven wheel (rpm); D1 - diameter of the driving wheel (mm); D 2 - driven wheel diameter (mm).

For example, with a drive pulley diameter of 40 mm and a driven pulley diameter of 80 mm gear ratio will be equal to: i = 80: 40 = 2.

Driving and driven wheels, pulleys and sprockets are mounted on the shafts so that they do not turn on them. To do this, the wheel and shaft are connected using a key or splines (Fig. 28). Keyways are cut out in the wheel and shaft, into which they are insertedkey.

If the wheel is fixedly fixed to the shaft by means of a key, then such a keyed connection is called fixed (Fig. 28, a).

If the wheel can move along a shaft with a key or splines and simultaneously transmit rotation, then such a connection is called keyed or splined. sliding(Fig. 28, b, c).

Spline joints are formed by joints of protrusions and depressions on the shaft and gear wheel (Fig. 28, c).